Q.
Does leadership belong only to the leader?
Do you want a leader with good leadership? However, recent studies argue that leadership is not determined by the characteristics of the leader. So, where does leadership come from?
Ans,
Over the decades, many studies on leadership
have been conducted and numerous related books have been published. In Korea,
the leadership of Hiddink and Yi Sun-sin, which was due to the popularity of
the drama, was also published in a book after the World Cup quarterfinals. As a
result of a survey of the top 10 journals in the field of management and
psychology, since 2000, there have been 752 research papers for leadership
research, and leadership research is still a popular topic. Do. Charisma
leadership, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, servant
leadership, coaching leadership, genuine leadership, etc.
George Washington is remembered as a great
leader by Americans. He crosses the Delaware River at dawn on Christmas day to
ambush British positions during the American Independence War. The work of the
German painter Emanuel Leuche is famous enough to hang on the West Wing of the
White House for a while. Emanuel Leutze (1816-1868),'Washington Crossing the
Delaware', 1851, oil on canvas, 378.5 × 647.7 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York City.
George Washington is remembered as a great
leader by Americans. He crosses the Delaware River after breaking the ice at
dawn on Christmas day to ambush British positions during the American Revolutionary
War. The work of the German painter Emanuel Leuche is famous enough to hang on
the West Wing of the White House for a while. Emanuel Leutze
(1816-1868),'Washington Crossing the Delaware', 1851, oil on canvas, 378.5 ×
647.7 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
What kind of leadership do you want?
Some people may have experienced terrible
leaders. These leaders may not have been able to find the best way to get the
job done well because they have poor relationships with others, are not respected
or trusted. On the other hand, some people are evaluated as good leaders. Most
business professionals consider Jack Welch, Mary Barra, Jeff Bezoso, Bill
Gates, and Steve Jobs to be outstanding leaders. However, their situation and
personal character are markedly different. If these were your bosses, what kind
of person would you describe that person? If that person was a boss, would he
motivate him to work hard and allow him to devote himself to the company?
Classifying people as good or bad leaders
sometimes seems easy, but defining leadership is not a simple matter. Depending
on each leadership theory, the core factors that constitute leadership vary
according to the type. For example, the main components of transformational
leadership that are most often mentioned are idealized influence, inspirational
motivation, intellectual stimulation, and personal consideration, but servant
leadership is delegation of authority and nurturing, humility, sincerity,
interpersonal acceptance, direction, and calling. Consists of consciousness.
Internal leadership
Regarding this leadership, Robert Lord and
researchers at the University of Akron have proposed a very different
leadership approach, Lord, 2000. This approach allows the leader to build on
his or her own behavior, traits, and charismatic qualities, based on the
behavior and performance of his subordinates. Unlike the existing theories that
influence on, it was called implicit leadership theory, emphasizing the
subordinate's perception of leadership qualities and behavior. From this point
of view, existing leadership is regarded as a name given to it that it occurred
or existed after observing several conditions and events.
In internal leadership, leadership is viewed as
a result of the subordinates' perception of the leader (whether it was
perceived as a leader or changed the way they thought). The core idea of
internal leadership is that most people have tacit beliefs about the leader's
personal qualities and actions. These beliefs develop over time and are
influenced by experience and socialization. The word prototype is a word that
describes the mental representation of individuals for a leader (for example,
my prototype for a leader is compassionate, has adequate communication skills,
is immersed in the work to be done, and the efforts of employees. He is a
person who recognizes).
As a result of conducting a survey on leadership
characteristics of a sample of international and US graduate students (the
international sample consisted of students from China, France, Germany,
Honduras, India, Japan, and Taiwan), there were differences in the leadership
pattern according to cultures. Gerstner &
Day, 1994 . For example, the five most typical archetypes identified by
Japanese respondents are modest, intelligent, reliable, well-educated, and
responsible leaders. The typical prototype identified by American participants
was a leader who was patient, hardworking, goal-oriented, determined, and
possessed excellent linguistic skills.
A leader who meets my standards is a good leader
In one experimental study, people concluded that
leaders were effective leaders when they observed that they behave in a manner
consistent with the individual prototypes of the participants, Lord et al.,
1984. This study shows that leadership effectiveness is the leaders own
behavior. It means that the perception of the follower is more important than
that. And other studies have shown that managers who match the employee's
prototype are much more intimate and more interactive than managers who don't.
Epitropaki & Martin, 2005.
Introductory leadership was also applied to
gender and racial issues. A survey of whether whites were part of the
leadership prototype in the United States showed that all participants,
regardless of race, tended to assume that the leader was white, and white
leaders were rated more favorably than African-American leaders, regardless of
the race of study participants. et al, 2008. These results are consistent with
internal leadership, which predicts that archetypal leaders will be evaluated
more positively.
Gender also influenced the perception of
leaders. In one laboratory study, several groups of two males and two females
were assigned to male-type or female-type tasks. Each member ranked the leader
of the other members of the group. Overall, men received higher leadership
ratings than women and were more likely to be chosen as leaders.
Leadership evaluation in favor of men
In particular, men became leaders in about 70%
of the total group. The relationship between gender and leadership level
differed according to the type of work. When the group performed the male type
of work, the difference between men and women was the greatest in terms of
leadership Hall et al., 1998. Respondents in another survey study. They rated
the 'ideal US president' as a male candidate than a female candidate, and a
person with a higher masculinity than femininity Powell & Butterfield,
2011.
However, there have been studies showing that
one's own image is also reflected in the perception of such a leader prototype.
As a result of a series of studies examining the perception of more than 700
employees, if the subordinates' perception of the leader matched the employee's
prototype of the leader, they respected the leader and perceived that the
leader was more competent.
However, the evaluation of respect for the
leader and competence was higher the higher the subordinates themselves thought
they were similar to the leadership prototype. These results show how pivotal
and important an individual's self-concept is to the leadership archetype van
Quaquebeke et al, 2011.
Let's find the common prototype of the leader!
However, the archetype for such a leader may
differ depending on the stage of development of people and may change according
to experience. If this prototype is very different from person to person, it
will be difficult to form a program for leadership development. However, if
they are somewhat common, it will be possible. More research is still needed,
but if managers and executives can see the leadership archetypes for middle
managers and executives that employees think of in an organization and match
these archetypes, it can be much more positively evaluated. Task performance
could also be improved. If similar prototypes exist for each culture,
multinational corporations will be able to provide customized leadership
training for each culture. Mind
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